Full utilization of seed supplies requires a commitment to improving tree seed technology, with the help of recent advances in seed physiology. Studies of seed maturation have led to new collection and extraction technology which should increase seed yields. Computer analyses of test data allow extension of seed testing beyond simple germination percents to estimates of seed vigor, that elusive quality factor which enables a seed to survive and grow. Basic studies of the germination environment have revealed new information on how temperature, imbibition, and seedcoat microorganisms can be used to obtain vigorous, uniform germination in the nursery bed or container.